Protective Gear

Body Safety

Air and Road Safety

ABSTRACT

Road crashes causes death and permanent disabilities worldwide, every person is at risk; many products arrive in trucks and these trucks move swiftly through highways. In every country, there are major roads connecting towns and cities, vehicles move through them on high speed. Road crashes worldwide are caused by factors such as reckless driving; illiteracy; bad road network; speed of operation; poor vehicle maintenance; little or no use of appropriate safety technology; vehicle design; road design and other factors. Measures in place by road safety organizations in nations have reduced road accidents however more work need to be done for safety. This paper proposes to use air to help reduce devastating effects of auto crash. Air moves around vehicles on highway and does not constantly remain on them. An object having a mass of air on its surface will be resisted to some extent on collision with another object having a mass of air readily on it. The purpose of this research is to trap air on the surface of vehicles, by having 'incoming' air replace 'outgoing' air.How to trap air is a question this research paper tries to review serving as the first note towards this research, ensuing articles and research will make this technology available in coming months.

INTRODUCTION

Sophisticated safety technologies can be inputted in new model vehicles only that such technologies will work better with vehicles of similar models, which are fraction of millions of existing vehicles in use worldwide.

Certain other safety technologies that can be attached to vehicles are quite expensive and may not get across to certain borders. The safety method proposed here is a relatively cheap and applicable method for all kinds of vehicles in use in all region and places around the world.

Air as one of the classical element, is important to sustain life. Air can be termed as an element or matter, a moving air is called wind. Wind is what we feel. Wind blows; it is wind that blows when vehicles move past on highway; Wind is air in motion.

In physics there is a concept known as air resistance, which is an opposition to the motion of an object through air, it is a force acting in opposite direction to an oncoming object. But for air resistance, a stone and a cotton wool will fall at the same speed to the ground when released from the same height together.

Air can resist the motion of objects moving horizontally or vertically; however the force with which the object move must exceed the resistive force. As a vehicle moves fast on high way, air resist its motion, the faster it goes, the greater the air resistance.

Wind does not stay on a fast moving vehicle; it gets replaced. This research seeks to make air constantly available on the surface of a moving vehicles, such that incoming air will replace existing air.

Having an 'air field' on surface of vehicles where the force of air is felt will help create a good resistance during collision before their bodies touch. What I mean is that if we have air field on vehicles, in case of collision, the air field will collide first and get destroyed like a burst before vehicles body hit. This will help protect vehicles from sudden massive devastation on collision.

To have air constantly on a vehicle, air has to be attracted, meaning that as wind blows all the time, air is captured. There are various substances that appear good to attract air especially in an unexposed scene, substances as paste or gel. However, this air field for vehicles will have to withstand all kinds of whether condition and still remain potent. Critical review of this procedure is given as here.

THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT

In physics there is the concept of field or force field which are regions where force of certain quantities are felt, for example, Gravitational, Electric and Magnetic fields. Magnetic field is a region around which magnetic force is felt, if the magnetic field of two like poles are brought close, they will repel each other.

Since the force field represents a region which the force of a quantity is felt, this force also has the ability to exert strength on like force or some other kind of objects. If we create an air field on the surface of a vehicle, that air field will have a push or pull effect to similar fields. Field height depends on whether condition, vehicle or wind speed and dust level.

The concept of air resistance or drag force in Physics is more common for free falling objects, earth's gravity acts on them and air resists their motion to a measurable extent. This makes lighter objects fall slower than heavier objects. Air resistance is used in calculations involving projectiles and trajectory motions.

The proffered safety method (or technology) presented in this paper is horizontal air resistance. Air resistance opposes driving force balancing it and making the car reach maximum speed. Usually, more powerful engine and streamlined shape for vehicles help reduce opposing air resistive effect.

We want to capture air, and rest it constantly on vehicles, a number of things come to mind to get this done like using certain fluids. The fluid is expected to react with every air molecule that comes in contact with it; it ‘infects' the air molecule, other air molecules that come in contact with infected air molecules gets infected and the chain should continue like that. This is attraction between the fluid and air molecules.

As wind continues to blow heavily, the cycle continues, creating the field every second, the fluid to attract air should not be blown away itself or decomposed by extreme weather conditions.

This paper suggests that having air field created along its incoming direction on the surface of moving vehicles will reduce damages on collision, suggesting this as a safer approach in protecting commuters.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

There are two classes of fluids that will be considered under this heading, pasty substances and gaseous substances. Examples of pasty substances are gel and paint; examples of gaseous substances are pressurized air and aerosols.

Pasty Substances

This appears as the best bet for this resistive road safety technology, because it will withstand to a measurable extent all kinds of whether condition; one can have it around the edges of certain parts of vehicles, without being obvious since the pasty substance can be colorless.

The chemical composition of a pasty substance that will attract air to itself overtime and be so strong to make air molecules attracted to it further attract others without initial contact with the paste can be derived from already existing compositions of creams, gels and ointments available.

There are several classes of cream, lotion and ointment compositions some of which are oil in water solution while others are water in oil solution. Some of these oils are made of lipids or certain kinds of acids. Some are not soluble in water while others are; their reaction with air varies.

For a soft mass substance like petroleum jelly insoluble in water and not easily oxidized in air, its melting point is fairly high for external conditions compared to common organic compounds . It is a purified mixture of semi-solid saturated hydrocarbons, mainly of paraffinic nature, obtained from petroleum.

Now, if a petroleum jelly substance is put on the surface of a vehicle, it is not likely to oxidize, decompose or dissolve in water (rain) easily, this gives it a pass mark for use in this road safety research. However, we need to attract air to the substance; this will mean additional constituent for it. [1]

Direct application of petroleum jelly on surface of a vehicle also has its side effects; the substance is thixotropic, maintaining its sticky nature under normal conditions and flows under stress. It is also combustible, making it a fire hazard when in liquid form.

Petroleum jelly will be used as a yardstick for sticky substances; in theory, we need to attract molecules of air, and have them have them to certain measure constantly. Kinetic Theory of gases makes us to understand that there is no force of attraction or repulsion between molecules of gases (air) making further attraction of air to air molecule seems impractical.

One molecule of air contains more of Nitrogen and Oxygen by percentage composition. Nitrogen gas exists in air as a diatomic molecule with triple covalent bonds between its atoms. The high bonding energy of the triple bond makes it very stable and accounts for the unreactive nature of nitrogen under ordinary conditions.

The proposed use of pasty substance for this purpose needs more research to ensure it serves the purpose as described under this heading. If it was possible, attracting an unreactive gas like Nitrogen will be the best bet. The pasty substance simply attracts air molecule, stripes it of its nitrogen content, making other air molecules seek to fill nitrogen lapse of the first making them stay over for a brief period forming a wall.

However, some organic compound constituent to a pasty substance maybe used to attract air; such that other air molecule that collides with the attracted molecule, may seek to fill minute deficiency in the attracted air, in order to let the attracted molecule independent again.

Lets say that the air molecule attracted by the pasty substance is called air molecule 1, then air molecule 2 collides with air molecule 1 and tries to fix certain lost percentage composition in air molecule 1, making air molecule 2 try to do this, as it tries to, it stays on air molecule 1 for sometime, then air molecule 3 comes on air molecule 2, trying to fill the lost percentage composition in air molecule 2 (provided that air molecule 2 has given out some of its composition to the air molecule 1 to fill it)

This process continues with as much air molecule as possible at the time, making them form a wall around the vehicle. The process described here is expected to occur in fraction of seconds because of wind speed, such that at every given moment air molecule wall is formed giving vehicles protection to reduce collision effect.

The last four paragraphs presents hypothesis that has not be verified in the real world but have been obtained from several studies and certain behavior of chemicals although not in same conditions as this described here. The attraction point for air seem to be oxygen, making the process look some how like oxidation process.

Oxidation does not really occur in the way described here, most molecules get direct touch with the substance not with corresponding molecule; the process described here is looking possible because of external condition under consideration.

This writings here are subject to further review; the review presented here describes what may lead to attraction of air molecules to constantly form a wall around vehicle surface. More review and experiments should bring on this technology for use in the near future.

Gaseous Substances

One fact to believe is that only air can hold air, meaning that air molecules can be let together in a combined space. A good approach to have the technology described in this paper is to use compressed air to hold air on the surface of vehicles.

Compressed air is at a pressure that greater than atmospheric pressure meaning that it has been put under greater pressure than the air in the general environment. Air heats up when compressed and expands when it cools, so compressed air is usually at higher temperature than air in the general environment.

One of the simple ways to have an air field on the surface of a vehicle is to spray sticky compressed air on the surface such as to form an air field to move with the vehicle; some of the oncoming ‘normal' air, will be partly prevented by the compressed air wall, while others will react with the compressed air on the surface to make all the air molecules be at equal temperature, as this reaction occurs, air field can be obtained which to protect against collision.

However, this process will require continuous supply of compressed air since the volume of external air is more than the volume of air sprayed. As described here, compressed air can hold normal air for sometime. It should be noted that if the compressed air is sticky, sprayed around the edges of a vehicle, it may last for some reasonable time.

The question vital to be answered here is how possible it is to constantly have compressed air on the surface of vehicle, for parts of vehicle that have opening, like the grilles, one may improvise to have compressed air come from those openings. If possible, this will however not provide compressed air for all parts of the vehicle.

Sticky air provides some alternative, but maybe blown away by wind. However, having a fluid like an aerosol in a pressurized can, which can be sticky and sprayed round the surface using possible oxidation method described in the previous heading may provide help achieve the purpose rather than using compressed air in canned containers.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Simulation of this application for a short distance journey proves its effectiveness, which as described creates air field slightly resisting the ‘air field' of another upcoming vehicle (regardless of speed) and reducing supposed destructive crash that it would have caused.

The intended result of this research is to have air constantly on vehicles; if for any reason collision occurs between two vehicles that have air around the surface, the air on each surface will hit first before the vehicle surface touch each other. The force of air will help reduce the impact of collision; the writings above reviews possible methods to trap moving air around vehicles on highway. It is however in research stage.

Except for some big buses and trucks, if the spray is used on top of a vehicle, it creates a field that will also help reduce the effects of roll over when incase of roll over crash. When developed further, it may help also help reduce effects when vehicle hits a human.

This solution will also provide reductive effect for vehicles on collision with road side objects like trees, poles and others. The research is novel, peer review is needed to have this done; this paper already presents a blueprint and possible ways to achieve the objective.

CONCLUSION

I want to imagine that most vehicles on the highway constantly carry a mass of air and if for any reason, there is a sudden vehicular collision; air on both vehicles will collide first before the vehicles come in contact. Since air too has force, it will prevent to a good extent expected sudden massive devastation to occur.

This research paper hopes to pioneer research into having air resist collision, further practical need to be done to achieve this, and more articles should be developed as scientist have this information.

This research paper maybe viewed from two angles, half full or half empty; the fact remains that this is achievable proportionately or conversely with the procedures here. This research paper presents an opportunity for change; the scientific community should look towards it.

APPENDIX

AIR RESISTANCE

Air resistance refers to a force that opposes the relative motion of an object through a fluid; it usually acts in opposite direction to the oncoming flow velocity, making it dependent on velocity. For a solid object moving through a fluid, the drag is the component of the net aerodynamic or hydrodynamic force acting opposite to the direction of the movement. The component perpendicular to this direction is considered as lift. Therefore drag opposes the motion of the object, and in a powered vehicle it is overcome by thrust.

Air resistance is also called drag force and is usually classified as parasitic drag, mainly used in aerodynamics for lifting wings drag since it is small compared to the lift itself. Lift-Induced drag is considered when wings of lifting body are present. Wave drag occurs when a solid object is moving through a fluid or near the speed of sound in that fluid.

The force experienced by an object moving through a fluid at relatively high velocity is called quadratic drag. The power required to overcome the aerodynamic drag can be calculated by the product of the quadratic drag and the velocity of the object relative to the fluid. The power needed to push an object through a fluid increases as the cube of the velocity, by exerting four times the force over a fixed distance produces four times as much work. At twice the speed the work is done twice as fast since power is the rate of doing work.

Terminal velocity is defined as the constant maximum velocity reached by a body falling through the atmosphere under the attraction of gravity. At this point drag force is balanced with the velocity of the object such that the velocity does not increase any more it stays constant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many thanks to Scientist all over the world who provided resources in writings, lectures and notes in Pure and Applied Sciences geared at keeping Science as the center of the world and Research as the Center of Science.

REFERENCE

1. JECFA (1998), Petroleum Jelly, published in FNP 52 Add 6 (1998)
Superseding specifications prepared at the 49th JECFA (1997) published
in FNP 52 Add 5 (1997). No ADI allocated at the 33rd JECFA in 1988

 

 

About the Author

http://stephaz.webs.com/

What should be your body build for the football positions?

I want to be either a running back, quarterback, wide receiver, or safety. What type of body or skills would you need for each of those?

Runningback: Height doesn't matter that much for this position, it's probably better to be shorter than taller though. You wanna be built and spread out to be a runningback, especially big legs. You need to be fast, strong, smart, aware, good hands and tough just to list a few necessary skills.

QB: You need to be tall to be a quarterback, ideally. 6'1 - 6'5 is the average height of qbs in college and professional football. It's better to be leaner so you can move quicker, you do not really need to be that strong to be a qb but you should. You have to have a accurate arm, strong arm, smart, patient, aware, quick, and very mentally tough.

Wide Reciever: This is what you do if your a small skinny kid. Receivers are anywhere from 5'8 - 6'5 in the NFL and college. You need to be lean and one of the fastest players on the field to be a receiver, and obviously you'll need good hands.

Safety: Range from 5'9-6'3 in the nfl and college. Usually about average weight and strength for football players. You'll need to be fast, strong, and have good technique.

The Locust - Safety Second, Body Last